Why logarithms:
We know that $ 32 = {2^5}$. ie., 32 can be represented as a power of 2. But how do we represent 32 as some power of 10?
This is where logarithms comes. 32 when represented a power of 10 is equal to ${\log _{10}}32 = 1.5051$. i.e., $32 = {10^{1.5051}}$
Properties of Logarithms:
1. ${\log _a}1 = 0$ because 0 is the power to which a must be raised to obtain 1.
2. ${\log _a}a = 1$ because 1 is the power to which a must be raised to obtain a.
3. ${\log _a}{a^N} = N$ because N is the power to which a must be raised to obtain ${a^N}$
4. ${a^{{{\log }_a}b}} = b$ because ${\log _a}b$ is the power to which a must be raised to obtain b.
5. ${a^{{{\log }_b}c}} = {c^{{{\log }_b}a}}$
6. ${\log _{{a^b}}}M = \displaystyle\frac{1}{b}{\log _a}M$
7. ${\log _b}M = \displaystyle\frac{{{{\log }_a}M}}{{{{\log }_a}b}}$
8. ${\log _a}b = \displaystyle\frac{1}{{{{\log }_b}a}}$
9. ${\log _a}b.{\log _b}c = {\log _a}c$
Laws of logarithm:
1. Product rule: ${\log _a}MN = {\log _a}M + {\log _a}N$
2. Division rule = ${\log _a}\displaystyle\frac{M}{N} = {\log _a}M - {\log _a}N$
Remember:
${\log _a}(b + c) \ne {\log _a}b + {\log _a}c$
Note: When no base is given we generally assume the base as 10. These are called common logarithms
When "e" is a base then we call them as natural logarithms.
Characteristic of logarithm:
The characteristic of the logarithm of a number greater than one is one less than the number of digits in it.
Eg: characteristic of 98765 = 4 so total digits in the given number is 5.
We know that log 100 = $\log {10^2} = 2\log 10 = 2.00$. As the characteristic of 100 is 2, then total digits in 100 are 3.
log 10 = $\log {10^1} = 1\log 10 = 1$ So total digits are 2 in 10.
log 99 = 1.9956 so total digits are 1 + 1 = 2.
Working Rule to find the number digits in ${a^b}$ format number:
1. Calculate the logarithm (you will get some positive number)
2. Adding one to the intezer part will give you the number of digits in that original number
Solved Example 1: (Important model)
How many digits are contained in the number ${2^{100}}$
Sol: $\log {2^{100}}$ = 100 x log 2 = 100 x 0.3010 = 30.10
Number of digits in ${2^{100}}$ are 30 + 1 = 31
To determine the characteristic of the logarithm of a decimal fraction: (Numbers between 0 to 1)
Look at this example:
Find the total zeroes after he decimal point of the expression $2^6$
We know that $2^6$ = $\dfrac{1}{{64}}$ = 0.015625
log $\dfrac{1}{{64}}$ = -1.806
Now when you calculate Antilog of -1.806 using calculator, you will get 0.0156.
But if you want to use antilog tables, you have to follow this procedure.
Now log $\dfrac{1}{{64}}$ = log $\dfrac{1}{{{2^6}}}$ = log ${2^{ - 6}}$ = -6 log 2.
We know that log 2 = 0.301
Now log $\dfrac{1}{{64}}$ = -6 × 0.301 = -1.806.
Important: Now if you look at the antilog table for 0.80 and 6, you will get wrong answer. Why? Because -1.806 = -1 + (-0.806)
But mantissa is always positive.
-1.806 should be written as -2 + (1 - 0.806) = -2 + 0.194
Now when you look at the anti log table 0.194 gives you 1563.
So characteristic is 2.
That is the characteristic of the logarithm of a decimal fraction is one more than than the number of zeroes immediately after the decimal point and is negative.
Working Rule to find the number of zeroes in a decimal number:
1. Calculate the logarithm (you will get some negative number)
2. Subtract the decimal part from one and increase the integer part by 1 to make mantissa positive
3. Number of zeroes of that number = Integer part - 1
Solved Example 2: (Important model)
How many zeroes are there between the decimal point and the first significant digit in ${\left( {\dfrac{1}{2}} \right)^{1000}}$
log ${\left( {\dfrac{1}{2}} \right)^{1000}}$ = 1000 × log (1/2) = 1000 × -0.30102 = -301.02
But in logarithms the decimal point should be positive. (By using
- 301.02 = - 301 + -0.02 = -302 + (1 - 0.02) = $\mathop {302}\limits^{\_\_\_} $.98
So number of zeroes are 302 - 1 = 301
Solved Example 3:
$\displaystyle\frac{1}{{1 + {{\log }_a}bc}} + \displaystyle\frac{1}{{1 + {{\log }_b}ca}} + \displaystyle\frac{1}{{1 + {{\log }_c}ab}} = $
Answer: d
Explanation:
$\displaystyle\frac{1}{{1 + {{\log }_a}bc}}$ + $\displaystyle\frac{1}{{1 + {{\log }_b}ca}}$ + $ \displaystyle\frac{1}{{1 + {{\log }_c}ab}}$=
$\displaystyle\frac{1}{{{{\log }_a}a + {{\log }_a}bc}} $+ $\displaystyle\frac{1}{{{{\log }_b}b + {{\log }_b}ca}}$ + $\displaystyle\frac{1}{{{{\log }_c}c + {{\log }_c}ab}}$
= $\displaystyle\frac{1}{{{{\log }_a}abc}}$ + $\displaystyle\frac{1}{{{{\log }_b}abc}}$ + $\displaystyle\frac{1}{{{{\log }_c}abc}}$ =
= ${\log _{abc}}a + {\log _{abc}}b + {\log _{abc}}c = {\log _{abc}}abc = 1$
Solved Example 4:
The value of ${(yz)^{\log y - \log z}} \times {(zx)^{\log y - \log x}} \times {(xy)^{\log x - \log y}}$
Answer: b
Explanation:
Assume K = ${(yz)^{\log y - \log z}}$ × ${(zx)^{\log y - \log x}}$ × ${(xy)^{\log x - \log y}}$
Taking log on both sides
Log K = log (${(yz)^{\log y - \log z}}$ × ${(zx)^{\log y - \log x}}$ × ${(xy)^{\log x - \log y}}$)
= $\log {(yz)^{\log y - \log z}}$ + $\log {(zx)^{\log y - \log x}}$ + $\log {(xy)^{\log x - \log y}}$
= $(\log y - \log z)\log (yz)$ + $(\log z - \log x)\log (zx)$ + $(\log x - \log y)\log (xy)$
= $(\log y - \log z)(\log y + \log z)$ + $(\log z - \log x)(\log z + \log x)$ + $(\log x - \log y)(\log x + \log y)$ =0
log K = 0$ \Rightarrow $ K = 1
Solved Example 5:
$\log \left( {\dfrac{{x + y}}{3}} \right)$ = $\displaystyle\frac{1}{2}$ (logx + logy) then ($\dfrac{x}{y} + \dfrac{y}{x}$) is
Answer: b
Explanation:
As the answer does not have any log, first we try to remove log from the given equation by simplifying it.
log$\left( {\displaystyle\displaystyle\frac{{x + y}}{3}} \right)$ = $\displaystyle\frac{1}{2}$(logx + logy)
$ \Rightarrow 2 log \left( {\displaystyle\frac{{x + y}}{3}} \right)$= log xy
$ \Rightarrow $ $\log {\left( {\dfrac{{x + y}}{3}} \right)^2} = \log xy$
$ \Rightarrow $${x^2} + {y^2} + 2xy = 9xy$
$ \Rightarrow $${x^2} + {y^2} = 7xy$
$ \Rightarrow $ $\displaystyle\frac{x}{y} + \displaystyle\frac{y}{x} = 7$
Solved Example 6:
The value of $7{\log _a}\displaystyle\frac{{16}}{{15}} + 5{\log _a}\displaystyle\frac{{25}}{{24}} + 3{\log _a}\displaystyle\frac{{81}}{{80}}$ is
Answer: c
Explanation:
$7{\log _a}\displaystyle\displaystyle\frac{{16}}{{15}}$ + $5{\log _a}\displaystyle\frac{{25}}{{24}}$ + $3{\log _a}\displaystyle\frac{{81}}{{80}}$ = $7{\log _a}\left[ {\displaystyle\frac{{{3^4}}}{{3 \times 5}}} \right] $ + $5{\log _a}\left[ {\displaystyle\frac{{{5^2}}}{{3 \times {2^3}}}} \right]$+ $3{\log _a}\left[ {\displaystyle\frac{{{3^4}}}{{5 \times {2^4}}}} \right]$
= $7\left[ {4{{\log }_a}2 - {{\log }_a}3 - {{\log }_a}5} \right]$ + $5\left[ {2{{\log }_a}5 - {{\log }_a}3 - 3{{\log }_a}2} \right]$+ $3\left[ {4{{\log }_a}3 - {{\log }_a}5 - 4{{\log }_a}2} \right]$
= ${\log _a}2$
Solved Example 7:
If $x = {\log _{2a}}a, y = {\log _{3a}}2a, z = {\log _{4a}}3a$ then $\left( {x - 2} \right)yz$ =
Answer: a
Explanation:
(x-2)yz = xyz - 2yz
Substituting values from the given values from above,
${\log _{2a}}a.{\log _{3a}}2a.{\log _{4a}}3a$ - $2{\log _{3a}}2a.{\log _{4a}}3a$ = ${\log _{4a}}a - 2{\log _{4a}}2a$
$ \Rightarrow {\log _{4a}}a - {\log _{4a}}{(2a)^2} = {\log _{4a}}\left[ {a/{{(2a)}^2}} \right]$ (Division Rule)
$ \Rightarrow lo{g_{4a}}\left[ {1/4a} \right]$ = ${\log _{4a}}4{a^{ - 1}}$ = - 1
Solved Example 8:
If $a = {\log _4}5$ and $b = {\log _5}6$ then ${\log _2}3$ = ?
a. 1-2ab
b. 1+2ab
c. 2ab - 1
d. (a-b) / (a+b)
Answer: c
Explanation:
To solve questions like these, first observe the question asked. The given question contains 2 and 3. If we remove 5 from the given values of a and b, we are left with 4 and 6.
$ab = {\log _4}5.{\log _5}6 = {\log _4}6 = \displaystyle\frac{1}{2}{\log _2}6$
By product rule, ${\log _2}6 = {\log _2}(3 \times 2) = {\log _2}3 + {\log _2}2$
$\displaystyle\frac{1}{2}({\log _2}3 + {\log _2}2) = \displaystyle\frac{1}{2}({\log _2}3 + 1)$
$ \Rightarrow ab = \displaystyle\frac{1}{2}({\log _2}3 + 1)$
$\Rightarrow 2ab = {\log _2}3 + 1$
$ \Rightarrow {\log _2}3 = 2ab - 1$
Solved Example 9:
If $a = {\log _{105}}7,b = {\log _7}5$ then ${\log _{35}}105$ =
Answer: d
Explanation:
$ab = {\log _{105}}7.{\log _7}5 = {\log _{105}}5$
Now ${\log _{35}}105 = \displaystyle\frac{1}{{{{\log }_{105}}35}}$ = $ \displaystyle\frac{1}{{{{\log }_{105}}5 + {{\log }_{105}}7}}$ = $ \displaystyle\frac{1}{{ab + a}}$ = $\displaystyle\frac{1}{{a(b + 1)}}$
We know that $ 32 = {2^5}$. ie., 32 can be represented as a power of 2. But how do we represent 32 as some power of 10?
This is where logarithms comes. 32 when represented a power of 10 is equal to ${\log _{10}}32 = 1.5051$. i.e., $32 = {10^{1.5051}}$
Properties of Logarithms:
1. ${\log _a}1 = 0$ because 0 is the power to which a must be raised to obtain 1.
2. ${\log _a}a = 1$ because 1 is the power to which a must be raised to obtain a.
3. ${\log _a}{a^N} = N$ because N is the power to which a must be raised to obtain ${a^N}$
4. ${a^{{{\log }_a}b}} = b$ because ${\log _a}b$ is the power to which a must be raised to obtain b.
5. ${a^{{{\log }_b}c}} = {c^{{{\log }_b}a}}$
6. ${\log _{{a^b}}}M = \displaystyle\frac{1}{b}{\log _a}M$
7. ${\log _b}M = \displaystyle\frac{{{{\log }_a}M}}{{{{\log }_a}b}}$
8. ${\log _a}b = \displaystyle\frac{1}{{{{\log }_b}a}}$
9. ${\log _a}b.{\log _b}c = {\log _a}c$
Laws of logarithm:
1. Product rule: ${\log _a}MN = {\log _a}M + {\log _a}N$
2. Division rule = ${\log _a}\displaystyle\frac{M}{N} = {\log _a}M - {\log _a}N$
Remember:
${\log _a}(b + c) \ne {\log _a}b + {\log _a}c$
Note: When no base is given we generally assume the base as 10. These are called common logarithms
When "e" is a base then we call them as natural logarithms.
Characteristic of logarithm:
The characteristic of the logarithm of a number greater than one is one less than the number of digits in it.
Eg: characteristic of 98765 = 4 so total digits in the given number is 5.
We know that log 100 = $\log {10^2} = 2\log 10 = 2.00$. As the characteristic of 100 is 2, then total digits in 100 are 3.
log 10 = $\log {10^1} = 1\log 10 = 1$ So total digits are 2 in 10.
log 99 = 1.9956 so total digits are 1 + 1 = 2.
Working Rule to find the number digits in ${a^b}$ format number:
1. Calculate the logarithm (you will get some positive number)
2. Adding one to the intezer part will give you the number of digits in that original number
Solved Example 1: (Important model)
How many digits are contained in the number ${2^{100}}$
Sol: $\log {2^{100}}$ = 100 x log 2 = 100 x 0.3010 = 30.10
Number of digits in ${2^{100}}$ are 30 + 1 = 31
To determine the characteristic of the logarithm of a decimal fraction: (Numbers between 0 to 1)
Look at this example:
Find the total zeroes after he decimal point of the expression $2^6$
We know that $2^6$ = $\dfrac{1}{{64}}$ = 0.015625
log $\dfrac{1}{{64}}$ = -1.806
Now when you calculate Antilog of -1.806 using calculator, you will get 0.0156.
But if you want to use antilog tables, you have to follow this procedure.
Now log $\dfrac{1}{{64}}$ = log $\dfrac{1}{{{2^6}}}$ = log ${2^{ - 6}}$ = -6 log 2.
We know that log 2 = 0.301
Now log $\dfrac{1}{{64}}$ = -6 × 0.301 = -1.806.
Important: Now if you look at the antilog table for 0.80 and 6, you will get wrong answer. Why? Because -1.806 = -1 + (-0.806)
But mantissa is always positive.
-1.806 should be written as -2 + (1 - 0.806) = -2 + 0.194
Now when you look at the anti log table 0.194 gives you 1563.
So characteristic is 2.
That is the characteristic of the logarithm of a decimal fraction is one more than than the number of zeroes immediately after the decimal point and is negative.
Working Rule to find the number of zeroes in a decimal number:
1. Calculate the logarithm (you will get some negative number)
2. Subtract the decimal part from one and increase the integer part by 1 to make mantissa positive
3. Number of zeroes of that number = Integer part - 1
Solved Example 2: (Important model)
How many zeroes are there between the decimal point and the first significant digit in ${\left( {\dfrac{1}{2}} \right)^{1000}}$
log ${\left( {\dfrac{1}{2}} \right)^{1000}}$ = 1000 × log (1/2) = 1000 × -0.30102 = -301.02
But in logarithms the decimal point should be positive. (By using
- 301.02 = - 301 + -0.02 = -302 + (1 - 0.02) = $\mathop {302}\limits^{\_\_\_} $.98
So number of zeroes are 302 - 1 = 301
Solved Example 3:
$\displaystyle\frac{1}{{1 + {{\log }_a}bc}} + \displaystyle\frac{1}{{1 + {{\log }_b}ca}} + \displaystyle\frac{1}{{1 + {{\log }_c}ab}} = $
a. 0 | b. 3 |
c. 2 | d. 1 |
Explanation:
$\displaystyle\frac{1}{{1 + {{\log }_a}bc}}$ + $\displaystyle\frac{1}{{1 + {{\log }_b}ca}}$ + $ \displaystyle\frac{1}{{1 + {{\log }_c}ab}}$=
$\displaystyle\frac{1}{{{{\log }_a}a + {{\log }_a}bc}} $+ $\displaystyle\frac{1}{{{{\log }_b}b + {{\log }_b}ca}}$ + $\displaystyle\frac{1}{{{{\log }_c}c + {{\log }_c}ab}}$
= $\displaystyle\frac{1}{{{{\log }_a}abc}}$ + $\displaystyle\frac{1}{{{{\log }_b}abc}}$ + $\displaystyle\frac{1}{{{{\log }_c}abc}}$ =
= ${\log _{abc}}a + {\log _{abc}}b + {\log _{abc}}c = {\log _{abc}}abc = 1$
Solved Example 4:
The value of ${(yz)^{\log y - \log z}} \times {(zx)^{\log y - \log x}} \times {(xy)^{\log x - \log y}}$
a. 2 | b. 1 |
c. 0 | d. 3 |
Explanation:
Assume K = ${(yz)^{\log y - \log z}}$ × ${(zx)^{\log y - \log x}}$ × ${(xy)^{\log x - \log y}}$
Taking log on both sides
Log K = log (${(yz)^{\log y - \log z}}$ × ${(zx)^{\log y - \log x}}$ × ${(xy)^{\log x - \log y}}$)
= $\log {(yz)^{\log y - \log z}}$ + $\log {(zx)^{\log y - \log x}}$ + $\log {(xy)^{\log x - \log y}}$
= $(\log y - \log z)\log (yz)$ + $(\log z - \log x)\log (zx)$ + $(\log x - \log y)\log (xy)$
= $(\log y - \log z)(\log y + \log z)$ + $(\log z - \log x)(\log z + \log x)$ + $(\log x - \log y)(\log x + \log y)$ =0
log K = 0$ \Rightarrow $ K = 1
Solved Example 5:
$\log \left( {\dfrac{{x + y}}{3}} \right)$ = $\displaystyle\frac{1}{2}$ (logx + logy) then ($\dfrac{x}{y} + \dfrac{y}{x}$) is
a. 5 | b. 7 |
c. 9 | d. 0 |
Explanation:
As the answer does not have any log, first we try to remove log from the given equation by simplifying it.
log$\left( {\displaystyle\displaystyle\frac{{x + y}}{3}} \right)$ = $\displaystyle\frac{1}{2}$(logx + logy)
$ \Rightarrow 2 log \left( {\displaystyle\frac{{x + y}}{3}} \right)$= log xy
$ \Rightarrow $ $\log {\left( {\dfrac{{x + y}}{3}} \right)^2} = \log xy$
$ \Rightarrow $${x^2} + {y^2} + 2xy = 9xy$
$ \Rightarrow $${x^2} + {y^2} = 7xy$
$ \Rightarrow $ $\displaystyle\frac{x}{y} + \displaystyle\frac{y}{x} = 7$
Solved Example 6:
The value of $7{\log _a}\displaystyle\frac{{16}}{{15}} + 5{\log _a}\displaystyle\frac{{25}}{{24}} + 3{\log _a}\displaystyle\frac{{81}}{{80}}$ is
a. ${\log _a}5$ | b. ${\log _a}3$ |
c. ${\log _a}2$ | d. ${\log _a}0$ |
Explanation:
$7{\log _a}\displaystyle\displaystyle\frac{{16}}{{15}}$ + $5{\log _a}\displaystyle\frac{{25}}{{24}}$ + $3{\log _a}\displaystyle\frac{{81}}{{80}}$ = $7{\log _a}\left[ {\displaystyle\frac{{{3^4}}}{{3 \times 5}}} \right] $ + $5{\log _a}\left[ {\displaystyle\frac{{{5^2}}}{{3 \times {2^3}}}} \right]$+ $3{\log _a}\left[ {\displaystyle\frac{{{3^4}}}{{5 \times {2^4}}}} \right]$
= $7\left[ {4{{\log }_a}2 - {{\log }_a}3 - {{\log }_a}5} \right]$ + $5\left[ {2{{\log }_a}5 - {{\log }_a}3 - 3{{\log }_a}2} \right]$+ $3\left[ {4{{\log }_a}3 - {{\log }_a}5 - 4{{\log }_a}2} \right]$
= ${\log _a}2$
Solved Example 7:
If $x = {\log _{2a}}a, y = {\log _{3a}}2a, z = {\log _{4a}}3a$ then $\left( {x - 2} \right)yz$ =
a. -1 | b. -2 |
c. 1 | d. 2 |
Explanation:
(x-2)yz = xyz - 2yz
Substituting values from the given values from above,
${\log _{2a}}a.{\log _{3a}}2a.{\log _{4a}}3a$ - $2{\log _{3a}}2a.{\log _{4a}}3a$ = ${\log _{4a}}a - 2{\log _{4a}}2a$
$ \Rightarrow {\log _{4a}}a - {\log _{4a}}{(2a)^2} = {\log _{4a}}\left[ {a/{{(2a)}^2}} \right]$ (Division Rule)
$ \Rightarrow lo{g_{4a}}\left[ {1/4a} \right]$ = ${\log _{4a}}4{a^{ - 1}}$ = - 1
Solved Example 8:
If $a = {\log _4}5$ and $b = {\log _5}6$ then ${\log _2}3$ = ?
a. 1-2ab
b. 1+2ab
c. 2ab - 1
d. (a-b) / (a+b)
Answer: c
Explanation:
To solve questions like these, first observe the question asked. The given question contains 2 and 3. If we remove 5 from the given values of a and b, we are left with 4 and 6.
$ab = {\log _4}5.{\log _5}6 = {\log _4}6 = \displaystyle\frac{1}{2}{\log _2}6$
By product rule, ${\log _2}6 = {\log _2}(3 \times 2) = {\log _2}3 + {\log _2}2$
$\displaystyle\frac{1}{2}({\log _2}3 + {\log _2}2) = \displaystyle\frac{1}{2}({\log _2}3 + 1)$
$ \Rightarrow ab = \displaystyle\frac{1}{2}({\log _2}3 + 1)$
$\Rightarrow 2ab = {\log _2}3 + 1$
$ \Rightarrow {\log _2}3 = 2ab - 1$
Solved Example 9:
If $a = {\log _{105}}7,b = {\log _7}5$ then ${\log _{35}}105$ =
a. ab | b. (b+1)a |
c. 1/ab | d. 1/a(b+1) |
Explanation:
$ab = {\log _{105}}7.{\log _7}5 = {\log _{105}}5$
Now ${\log _{35}}105 = \displaystyle\frac{1}{{{{\log }_{105}}35}}$ = $ \displaystyle\frac{1}{{{{\log }_{105}}5 + {{\log }_{105}}7}}$ = $ \displaystyle\frac{1}{{ab + a}}$ = $\displaystyle\frac{1}{{a(b + 1)}}$
