In sentence correction, the mistakes related to articles are very tricky. Firstly look at the classification of nouns.
1. The noun has been previously mentioned:
I saw a terrible accident today. [first mention, indefinite]. I have never seen such an accident in my life. [second mention, accident in general]. The accident made me really afraid. [Third mention, definite].
2. A superlative degree or ranking adjective makes the noun's identity specific.
The tallest boy in the class is 6’0” tall. [There can be only one boy who is the tallest.]
Please read the fourth paragraph on page 3. [There can be only one fourth paragraph.]
Today is the most important day of my life. [There can be only one day that is the most important.]
3. The noun describes a unique person, place, or thing.
The earth revolves around the sun once every 365 days. [There is only one earth and only one sun--in our solar system, that is!]
4. A modifying word, phrase, or clause follows the noun and makes it clear which specific person or thing you are referring to. Note: But not every noun that is modified in this way is definite; it depends largely on the situation and on what you can reasonably expect your listener/reader to know about.
Do you remember the girl who got selected for TCS?
Suresh is reading a book about Networking.
[Here the noun book is modified by the phrase about Networking. But there is undoubtedly more than one book about Networking. Therefore, to make book definite, we would have to add more information: the book about Networking that has no coverpage]
5. The context or situation makes the noun’s identity clear.
Rules for Common nouns and collective nouns
Whether a noun should have an article or not can be determined by definiteness and countability
Definiteness:
A noun is definite if it refers to something specific that is known to both the writer/speaker and the reader/listener. For example, if Gopal needs physics text book, he might ask his friend, “May I take the text book?” He uses the definite article “the” because both he and his friend know which book Gopal is referring to. But If Gopal said to his friend, "I saw a terrible accident this afternoon", here we must use indefinite article 'a' as his friend does not know anything about this accident.
The following Table gives clear idea about four possible conditions involved in identifying a noun is whether definite or indefinite.
There are five principal ways by whcih a reader can know about the definiteness of the noun whcih is being referred.
1. The noun has been previously mentioned:
I saw a terrible accident today. [first mention, indefinite]. I have never seen such an accident in my life. [second mention, accident in general]. The accident made me really afraid. [Third mention, definite].
2. A superlative degree or ranking adjective makes the noun's identity specific.
The tallest boy in the class is 6’0” tall. [There can be only one boy who is the tallest.]
Please read the fourth paragraph on page 3. [There can be only one fourth paragraph.]
Today is the most important day of my life. [There can be only one day that is the most important.]
3. The noun describes a unique person, place, or thing.
The earth revolves around the sun once every 365 days. [There is only one earth and only one sun--in our solar system, that is!]
4. A modifying word, phrase, or clause follows the noun and makes it clear which specific person or thing you are referring to. Note: But not every noun that is modified in this way is definite; it depends largely on the situation and on what you can reasonably expect your listener/reader to know about.
Do you remember the girl who got selected for TCS?
Using the here implies that there was only one girl who got selected for TCS and both speakers might not be known about any other girl selected for TCS.Otherwise the clause who got selected for TCS would not be sufficient to identify the particular girl that you are referring to. If there were two girls, then you would have to be more specific, saying perhaps “Do you remember the girl from Vijayawada who got selected for TCS?"
Suresh is reading a book about Networking.
[Here the noun book is modified by the phrase about Networking. But there is undoubtedly more than one book about Networking. Therefore, to make book definite, we would have to add more information: the book about Networking that has no coverpage]
5. The context or situation makes the noun’s identity clear.
For example, you might ask someone to “Close the door.” You would use the because it would
undoubtedly be clear to both of you which door you were referring to. Similarly, if you tell someone that you are going to the library, that person will assume that you are talking about whichever library is most familiar to both of you
undoubtedly be clear to both of you which door you were referring to. Similarly, if you tell someone that you are going to the library, that person will assume that you are talking about whichever library is most familiar to both of you
In order to choose the appropriate article for a noun, you first need to decide whether the noun is singular. Based on the quality of noun, we need to follow the methodology given below
Countablity:Count nouns are the largest group of nouns. They denote entities which are treated as units. They refer to objects, people, abstract entities, etc. which are seen as easily counted (e.g. leaves, cups, footballers, cousins, results, ideas). Count nouns are also known as countable nouns.
Count nouns are singular and plural. One way to determine whether a noun is used as singular or plural, is to ask yourself whether you could put the number “one” in front of it. For example, you can say “one experiment,” but not “one knowledge” or “one examples;” therefore, “experiment” is singular, whereas “knowledge” is uncountable and “examples” is plural.
Rule: If a count noun is used as a singular noun, an article is necessary.
Another way to find whether a noun is singular or not, is looking up in a good dictionary. Singular nouns are noted by [S] and countable nouns are noted by [C]
Singular Nouns (one of something that is countable):
Is the noun definite? Yes: Use “the”
The man in the red dress is my uncle. “man” and “red dress” are singular because we are referring to only one man and one red dress. “man” is definite because the following phrase, in the red dress, makes it clear which man we are referring to (reason 4, above). (However, it could be indefinite if there is more than one man in the red dress that the speaker could be referring to; in that case, the speaker would say “A man....”).
Is the noun definite? No: Use “a” or “an” Raja bought a rain coat, a pair of shoes. They could be definite if the listener/reader had seen Raja's rain coat, and shoes or if they had been mentioned before. However, the speaker/writer's choice of the indefinite article “a” for both nouns tells us that they are unknown to the listener/reader.
Un-countable nouns ( Only takes "the" or no article) denote things treated as non-divisible. They refer to entities which do not have clear boundaries (e.g. cheese, music, sand, water, love, advice, air, progress, homework, ice, coffee). They show no contrast in number between singular and plural. Some things that English treats as non-divisible are easy to perceive that way (e.g. sand or water) but English also treats as non-count things such as luggage, money, furniture, which are composed of elements which can be counted (e.g. someone’s ‘luggage’ may consist of two cases and a bag; ‘money’ may consist of six coins and two notes) but which are treated as single indivisible entities. Count and un-countable nouns are not mutually exclusive terms. Many nouns have both count and non-count uses.
Some common uncountable nouns
cauliflower, celery, cereal, cheese, chicken, chocolate, coffee, corn, cream, fish, flour, fruit, ice cream, lettuce, meat, milk, oil, pasta, rice, salt, spinach, sugar, tea, water, wine, yogurt
Nonfood substances: air, cement, coal, dirt, gasoline, gold, ice, leather, paper,
petroleum, plastic, rain, rubber, silver, snow, soap, steel, wood, wool
Abstract nouns: advice, anger, beauty, confidence, courage, employment, fun,
happiness, health, honesty, information, intelligence, knowledge, love, poverty,
satisfaction, truth, wealth
Others: biology (and other areas of study), clothing, equipment, furniture,
homework, jewelry, luggage, lumber, machinery, mail, money, news, poetry,
pollution, research, scenery, traffic, transportation, violence, weather, work
Plural or Uncountable Nouns
Is the noun definite? Yes: Use “the”
The Documents that I gave you are top secret. (plural and definite)
“documentss” is plural (ends in -s) because we are talking about more than one document. It is definite because the following phrase, that I gave you, makes it clear to the reader/listener which reports you are referring to.
The Documents that I gave you are top secret. (plural and definite)
“documentss” is plural (ends in -s) because we are talking about more than one document. It is definite because the following phrase, that I gave you, makes it clear to the reader/listener which reports you are referring to.
The rice that is produced in Punjab is used to make Biryani. (uncountable and definite)
“Rice” is uncountable (you cannot say “one rice”). It is definite because the following clause, that is produced in Punjab, makes it clear which rice you are referring to.
Is the noun definite? No: Use 0 (no article)
“Rice” is uncountable (you cannot say “one rice”). It is definite because the following clause, that is produced in Punjab, makes it clear which rice you are referring to.
Is the noun definite? No: Use 0 (no article)
Research articles are difficult to write. (plural and indefinite)
“articles” is plural (note that it ends in -s). The lack of an article in front of it means that the speaker/writer is talking not about particular reports that are known to the listener/reader, but about all long reports in general.
India's major exports are Tea and Cotton. (uncountable and indefinite). “Cotton” and “Tea” are both uncountable nouns (you cannot say “one cotton” or “one tea” in this context). They are indefinite because they refer to these two substances in general, not to particular shipments of tea and cotton that are known to the reader/listener.
“articles” is plural (note that it ends in -s). The lack of an article in front of it means that the speaker/writer is talking not about particular reports that are known to the listener/reader, but about all long reports in general.
India's major exports are Tea and Cotton. (uncountable and indefinite). “Cotton” and “Tea” are both uncountable nouns (you cannot say “one cotton” or “one tea” in this context). They are indefinite because they refer to these two substances in general, not to particular shipments of tea and cotton that are known to the reader/listener.
Rules for proper nouns
The rules pertaining to usage of articles for proper nouns are complex. Usually we dont use any article for singular definite nouns.
Singular geographical names are very irregular with respect to article usage. For example, singular names of continents (Asia, Africa), mountains (Mount Fuji), and bays (San Francisco Bay) do not take the article “the,” but regions (the Crimea), deserts (the Sahara), and other geographical entities do.
Last word:
You have to be sure that your reader or listener has the same context or situation in mind that you are thinking of; otherwise, he or she will be confused by your use of the. For example, one student wrote the following sentence.
This magazine helps women analyze the problematic situation and offers possible remedies.
But this was the first time she had mentioned a problematic situation. Her readers were therefore confused, because her use of the word the implied that they were already supposed to know which problematic situation she was referring to.
This magazine helps women analyze the problematic situation and offers possible remedies.
But this was the first time she had mentioned a problematic situation. Her readers were therefore confused, because her use of the word the implied that they were already supposed to know which problematic situation she was referring to.
Bibilography:
Cambridge Grammar of English - Ronald Carter and Michael McCarthy
Article Usage by John Kohl, Susan Katz
Longman grammar of spoken and written english -
Cambridge Grammar of English - Ronald Carter and Michael McCarthy
Article Usage by John Kohl, Susan Katz
Longman grammar of spoken and written english -
